Calcutta (862 000) is capital of empire of India and the second city in British Empire

Calcutta (862 000) is capital of empire of India and the second city in British Empire. Though it is located on a hand of delta of Ganges, eighty miles in the country, Calcutta - huge seaport, but its seaworthy privileges can be supported only great machine-building factory, because of the silt, which Ganges constantly reduces and brings in aside exhausting channels. Calcutta possesses almost monopoly of the whole trade of valleys of Ganges and , and to a building of Suez canal, at it was almost monopoly of trade directed outside of the whole peninsula of Hindustan. Its full trade is even nevertheless very big, incorporating for and internal business directed outside together approximately 700 000 000$ in a year, the sum which can be appreciated from the fact, that it about equal to full trade in import of all United States. Bombay (822 000), the second city of the Indian Empire, owe the popularity to three things: (1) opening of Suez canal which has made it port of India the closest England; (2) start of the industry growing up a clap in India, owing to the American civil war (a growing up clap the area of India is adjacent with Bombay); and (3) development of railway system of India which does Bombay, instead of Calcutta a natural ocean exit for trade [138] country. Madras (453 000), the third city
India, also the third seaport. But it does not have any natural harbour, and its coast is broken by a surf and within many months together exposed full fury of northeast monsoons. The artificial harbour, however, has been recently constructed. Besides cities, aforementioned, there is one (Hyderabad) with the population more than 400 000; there are two (Lucknow and Benares) with the population more than 150 000 everyone, and eleven more with the population more than 100 000 everyone. There is besides forty seven cities with the population more than 50 000 everyone, and more than one thousand cities with the population approximately 10 000 everyone.
[139]
VII. TRADING FEATURES OF PORCELAIN
IMMENSITY OF AREA OF PORCELAIN AND THE POPULATION

When the note is presented for payment to a maturity and not paid, to it usually object; that is,

When the note is presented for payment to a maturity and not paid, to it usually object; that is, the public of the notary does the formal statement, that the note has been presented for payment, and to payment have given up. The notice on such protest send to the manufacturer of the note and to everyone indorser.

[11] Part of a question of this lesson already has appeared partially I

[11] Part of a question of this lesson already has appeared partially I. From this book ('the General Business Information'), but it
Here repeated to keep communication.
IDENTIFICATION WHEN CHECKS ARE PAID

Rules and instructions of savings banks differ substantially

Rules and instructions of savings banks differ substantially. In some deposits of establishments of a ten-kopeck coin for are once accepted; in others dollar - a limit. Deposits usually start to pull interest in the first day of each quarter, but they have the right to it, only if they remain till the end of a semestre. Thus the money deposited on 1st of January, is called on interest of six months on 1st of July though it is not called on any interest if is taken away in June. Some banks allow interest to begin on 1st of each month. The majority of savings banks does not allow to be to money taken away except for the notice of thirty days. Students of this course who are interested in maintenance of the certain information concerning this subject concerning any specific bank, should address to that bank of some its rules and instructions for the information of investors.
THE COMPANIES

Receiver certificates are let out by receivers of corporations, the companies, etc

Receiver certificates are let out by receivers of corporations, the companies, etc., in financial difficulties to provide a working capital; to them give the first rights to the property and are placed above previous mortgaging deduction and the first mortgages.
XVII. TRANSPORTATION

The lost Stock

The lost Stock. The stock usually is on sale on certain obvious conditions, such as payment of ten percent. Downwards and balance by instalments in the established intervals. If conditions which are co-ordinated on the shareholder, do not observe, its stock is declared by lost, or it can be sued in the same manner as after any other contract.

When the case of the goods which will be sent, has been properly entered and weighed it then is

Allowed to promote without a waybill
When the case of the goods which will be sent, has been properly entered and weighed it then is ready to be the person [63] ifested or waybilled as any shipment not
Allowed to promote without a waybill. The waybill - simply memorandum of cargo, together with full navigable instructions, giving also car number, in which case has been loaded, and point to which the car 'is scratched'. The cargo conductor has waybills for all goods which it bears. They are turned with the goods to the agent of the railway in mission point.

The project on foreign bank usually name the bill

The project on foreign bank usually name the bill. Bills are usually delayed in a double copy and sometimes in triplicate. (See an illustration, p. 246). Only one account is collected, others simply serving in the meantime as receipts. These accounts are used to pay accounts in foreign countries, the same as projects on New York or Chicago are used to pay house debts.
[248]
VII. SYSTEM of the CLEARING HOUSE [12]
CLEARING HOUSE SYSTEM MODERN ESTABLISHMENT

To be the addressee of the valuable information given by these men of business of agencies,

To be the addressee of the valuable information given by these men of business of agencies, bringing an annual payment, are registered as subscribers and are supplied by books of estimations as them name. Besides this book special typewritten messages with difficult details, respecting [260] credit of firm are sent on
Inquiry of the subscriber. The volume of the information registered in these agencies concerning any credit, is received through effort of officials of the agencies known as reporters. These skilled people, integrity, and an insight - searching after trues. Usually each reporter has an excellent line of trade, appointed to it for research and research. It brings to it in a close acquaintance with each dealer in its specific area. He is a Charge d"Affaires avec lettres of the banker and the dealer for the facts. Its business should not collect simply the information, respecting resources of business men but to investigate hearings which in itself can be harmful to the credit, and deny them where only probably and to sustain and support the house credit. Too often it is supposed, that the reporter searches for weakness certificates, when actually its business - most often business of detection of elements of force. Information freely give it as he interviews the men which firms and event - storehouses for riches of the information of the credit. It it becomes fast the authorised representative of the dealer directly which not only says it everything, that he knows about clients and their accounts after its books, but its own business affairs also. Really, the relation becomes so very mutual, that the reporter often supplies the information to the dealer in interview on some question of the credit of the urgent notice. Thus acknowledgement of the facts or a hearing refutation can be made. He examines books of offices of the public report to find the certificate , judgements, and property transfers and to make record of the same on agency books. It is a reporter who at last has collected the information which defines ability of firm to have and hold a credit line.

Australia has many features

Australia has many features. It has only one big river, and even which becomes a number of the isolated associations in the summer. It does not have any high mountain chain, its basic mountains which are only a number of ramparts, separating lower earths of coast from an internal plateau. Again, its four-footed animals on a birth completely differ from that of other continents, being almost everything, or it is a little or big, 'marsupials', or 'bearers of a sack', as a kangaroo. Its birds mainly songless. Its colours, generally, do not have any aroma. Its trees are the covered leaves vertically and do not throw a shade. Its local residents have not made successes to a civilisation. When Europeans at first have arrived to the country, they have found animal on a birth into which it was possible to enter any use, any native fruit, a vegetable, or grain which could be used for food. However, all European pets prosper much in the country and so make all European fruit, grasses, grains, and vege [169] tables. English rabbits, really, became the awful wrecker. Whole 25 000 000 from them have been killed in a year without any obvious
Reduction in their numbers. More than 1 000 000$ in a year from time to time have been spent to exterminate them, all is aimless.
VICTORIA

Now заклад, providing payment of corporate bonds, in hands of the trustee in general some

Now , providing payment of corporate bonds, in hands of the trustee in general some usually is located the company - which as it is supposed, operates in a name of holders of bonds as unit and which is authorised by obligation language, in default corporations to carry out of obligations which it accepts in the told obligation, to exclude and to divide incomes of sale among bondholders.-.
CLASSES OF BONDS OF CORPORATION

Double corporation of responsibility - in what, in default, shareholders further responsible for

Double corporation of responsibility - in what, in default, shareholders further responsible for the quantity equal to their subscriptions. All national banks double the responsibility companies. If A the stock at a rate of 5000$ in [54] national bank belongs, and the bank suffers failure, it loses the stock; and if bank debts
Big it can be obliged to pay a part or to all additional 5000$.
XVI. BONDS

The check - the order concerning the money, the delayed themes who has funds in the bank which is

The check - the order concerning the money, the delayed themes who has funds in the bank which is subject to payment on demand. Banks give checks without a sum designation to their clients, and it is very simple question to fill them properly. In writing in quantity begin in extremely left of a line. The examples resulted here, show badly written check and a copy of the same check after it has been lifted'. The original check was for 7.50$ and shows very negligent arrangement. It was very easy question for the roguish receiver to change'seven'on'seventy'and to add the code number to quantity in numbers. The running line has been written in on the lifted check to deceive bank. In this case Carter instead of the bank should transfer loss. Carter cannot consider bank responsible for its negligence. Boxes of checks should carry out the greatest care in writing in quantity to prevent changes or additions. Pull a running line, thus: ~~~ Nine ~~~ before and after the quantity written in words. If words are begun close to a left edge run [241] ning the line will be necessary only in
The right. The signature should be in your usual style familiar to the paying cashier. The plain, freely written signature is the most difficult to forge. Usually checks are delayed, 'to order.' Words 'Pay John"s Brown to order', mean, that money should be paid to John Brown or any person, he 'orders', that it has paid. Confirming the check in the form (see ) it does it by the check payable to bearer. If the check is delayed 'the Payment to the bearer' the person that is, the bearer collects it. The paying cashier can ask the [242] persons, the check exchanging for money to write his name on a back, easier to have it for the reference. Safety controls to
Prevent a fake of checks, have almost infinite variety, but was not preventive against a fake and the changes still invented which has not been successfully overcome by swindlers. The car to strike a number fist is together use, but the swindler was successfully filled in apertures in paper weight and has struck a fist other numbers to satisfy to its purposes. The most safe checks - carefully written that is known as a safety paper.
FOOTNOTE:

Agents who do transportation work by rail, are railway corporations

Agents who do transportation work by rail, are railway corporations. These 'legal bodies' [269] are created by these several states and entrusted
With work of services of the public nature. In all German states and substantially in many other things the European states, the governments provide transportation means by rail; but in the United States the property and management of railways are fairly regarded to be a problem sizes, than the administrative department of our government for the present in a condition to consult.

The facts received by commercial agencies, are not a public property

The facts received by commercial agencies, are not a public property. To them give on secret and in unique purpose to help business concerning relevance of granting of the credit. Private messages for eyes interested instead of curious. Every time when some specific point of interest finds the way to agency which would mention the credit seriously, such as granting a personal estate or a judgement or sale recognition and property transfers, it is standard to send nonrequested the special message of these facts to all subscribers to books of agency which ever enquired at any time concerning firm. It would be possible to expect, that these agencies expose themselves to risk of suit for slander but as any criminal intention never intends in any message extended and as it seldom occurs, that destructive messages are sent by these establishments if is not confirmed much, there are a few possibilities of suit of this kind.

The most characteristic physical feature of the European Russia - the planeness

The most characteristic physical feature of the European Russia - the planeness. In a consequence of its river - almost all navigable, and as most important of them are connected by channels, services for transportation which they give, are very considerable. As a whole the length of river navigation thus gave quantity almost 47 000 miles. This abundance of navigating services has detained growth of railways, but already there are 25 756 miles of the finished railway in one only the European Russia. The full length of the railway all Russia has constructed, and in a building of 34 849 miles. The most important railway enterprise in empire - the Trans-Siberian Railway which will give through communications from Baltic to T ocean. The shortest distance between these two weights of water makes 4500 miles. The length of the railway will make 4950 miles, and its cost, it is supposed, will be 120 000 000$. To 1905 it should be finished.
CITIES OF RUSSIA AND CITY
Moscow.

It is error to answer questions for the student if it in a condition from to find answers

It is error to answer questions for the student if it in a condition from to find answers. A question which establishes student"s reflexion, even thus, that it cannot immediately find the satisfactory answer, gives educational training of considerable value. A little from answers to previous questions the following:

With such letter the traveller could make a trip round the world and not have in its pocket at any

With such letter the traveller could make a trip round the world and not have in its pocket at any moment some more gold or silver or accounts, than it will be necessary to meet the operational expenditure.

Cities of China are big and numerous

Cities of China are big and numerous. Beijing (1 500 000?) The capital, it is not opened for foreign trade. Actually, it has no trade of any kind, and receives its whole importance from this to be a government place. But at Tianjin (750 000), port of Beijing, and important 'the agreement port,' is the big trade, both foreign and local. Tianjin and Beijing are connected by rail and as the Russian government has acquired the right to connection of Beijing with the Trans-Siberian Railway, more than possibly, that in time Tianjin becomes a final stop of that railway. From 'agreement ports' except Tianjin the head Shanghai, Hankow, Fuzhou, Hangchow, Amoy, and Canton. Shanghai (405 000) exceeds all other ports of China connected in number of its foreign trade. Its foreign trade - it is valid, almost three fifth that from the whole empire. And total of the foreigners living in China (in 1896 has told to be 10 855 whom 4362 were the British subjects and Americans 1439), approximately one half lives in Shanghai. Shanghai - it is valid, New York of China, and if railways only have been constructed from this (as have been offered) to the capital, Beijing, and Yang-tse-kiang to Hankow, and by means of [145] cities of coast
To Canton China would begin a new era in her career. Hankow (800 000), on Yang-tse-kiang, approximately 700 miles from his mouth, is the main shopping centre of area of China making tea. Ocean steamships rise on the river to Hankow for their cargoes. Fuzhou (650 900) also have a big export trade in tea. Hangchow (700 000), one of the most beautiful cities in China, is also the main city for manufacturing of silks, and the gold and silver product, a varnished product, and admirers. Amoy (100 000) has the best harbour in China and huge trade in import, taking a place in this respect then after Shanghai. Canton (2 000 000?) The greatest city in the Chinese Empire. The considerable part of its inhabitants lives in boats. From these 'floating houses' there as speak, 40 000. Canton Foreign trade near to that from Shanghai. As soon as it was above, now it - a lot of subordinated. Its manufacturing, however, are still important and include silk, a clap, a glass, porcelain, a paper, the sugar, a varnished product, both the goods of an ivory and the metal goods. Nanking (150 000), once capital of China and once the greatest city in the world, is now rather small city. Though agreement port, its trade it is not important. It was once known for its beautiful tower of porcelain, 200 foots in height, but it is destroyed now. In China there are many other big cities.
China and its main shopping centres.
[146]
HONGKONG

It will be noticed, that decades of the fastest railway development were that with 1850 to 1860,

It will be noticed, that decades of the fastest railway development were that with 1850 to 1860, after gold opening in California, and two between 1870 and 1890. We have added 70 000 miles to our railway system between 1880 and 1890-a the report to which no other country was equaled. To 1892 we, apparently, have met more urgent requirements of new lines, and we annually build now less than 2000 miles of new roads. The face-value of the capital which now invest in the American railways, makes 11,000,000,000$. Number of the people employed in railway service, 850 000.
RAILWAY CORPORATION

To be the addressee of the valuable information given by these men of business of agencies,

To be the addressee of the valuable information given by these men of business of agencies, bringing an annual payment, are registered as subscribers and are supplied by books of estimations as them name. Besides this book special typewritten messages with difficult details, respecting [260] credit of firm are sent on
Inquiry of the subscriber. The volume of the information registered in these agencies concerning any credit, is received through effort of officials of the agencies known as reporters. These skilled people, integrity, and an insight - searching after trues. Usually each reporter has an excellent line of trade, appointed to it for research and research. It brings to it in a close acquaintance with each dealer in its specific area. He is a Charge d"Affaires avec lettres of the banker and the dealer for the facts. Its business should not collect simply the information, respecting resources of business men but to investigate hearings which in itself can be harmful to the credit, and deny them where only probably and to sustain and support the house credit. Too often it is supposed, that the reporter searches for weakness certificates, when actually its business - most often business of detection of elements of force. Information freely give it as he interviews the men which firms and event - storehouses for riches of the information of the credit. It it becomes fast the authorised representative of the dealer directly which not only says it everything, that he knows about clients and their accounts after its books, but its own business affairs also. Really, the relation becomes so very mutual, that the reporter often supplies the information to the dealer in interview on some question of the credit of the urgent notice. Thus acknowledgement of the facts or a hearing refutation can be made. He examines books of offices of the public report to find the certificate , judgements, and property transfers and to make record of the same on agency books. It is a reporter who at last has collected the information which defines ability of firm to have and hold a credit line.

All South American states listed above, except for Brazil, at first have seized and 'are settled'

All South American states listed above, except for Brazil, at first have seized and 'are settled' by Spaniards, and the Spanish language still remains in them language of the government, formation, [179] and a society. Brazil at first have seized and 'is settled' by Portugueses, and
In Brazil the Portuguese language the same as in other place on continent the Spanish language prevails prevails. Among natives various languages are found many, but in Brazil 'common language' one is used, entered by original Portuguese missionaries, and has understood almost all tribes. Between Brazil and Venezuela a triangular part of the country under the name Guiana which, unlike other part of the South America, is still under the control of the European powers. It consists from three French parts of Guiana, the Dutch Guiana, and the British colonies of Guiana of France, Holland, and the Great Britain, accordingly. Disregarding Guiana, the South America has received the all civilisation from Spain and Portugal, and, except for Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, there was a small or any emigration in any South American country except from these two European countries. To Argentina, however, there was a big emigration from Italy especially, but also and from France, the Great Britain (mainly from Ireland and the Wales), Germany, and Sweden. Similar emigration took place to Uruguay, though foreigners in Uruguay - mainly Basques, people who live on a boundary region between Spain and France, but not neither Spanish, nor the French language. In Brazil immigration where it was not Portuguese, was basically Italian and German, and in moderate area of the extreme south of Brazil there is a big German population. Everywhere in the South America the richest parts are the parts, which profits is the most direct under the influence of recent European emigration.
THE ARGENTINA REPUBLIC

Guaranteed Stock

Guaranteed Stock. The guaranteed stock differs from preference shares in it is that it is called on the guaranteed dividend (interest) before all other classes of a stock, whether the company earns necessary quantity in any year or not. This right is transferred from year to year, thus giving the actions absolutely provided to interest.

Australia - continent not only on the name, but also actually

Australia - continent not only on the name, but also actually. Its area, including Tasmania, makes almost 3 000 000 square miles which is about area of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, and only approximately one quarter has less than area of continent of Europe. Completely two fifth this lie of area within a hot zone, and the others, even to Victoria, a part, the most distant from equator, a climate so , that it corresponds that from Spain, southern France, and Italy. But on so extensive territory the big distinctions of a climate should occur, and therefore products also. The general description of a climate and products of Australia therefore are impossible. Nevertheless there are some features which belong to the whole continent. Their head (1) big drought of atmosphere - it is not simple its shortage of a rain, but its absolute freedom from humidity; (2) remarkable inequality, or the regularity, in a downpour want. Sometimes the downpour is excessive, but more frequent and serious reason of trouble - an excessive drought. The continent on each party has a low area of coast where the downpour is heavier also temperature, in general hotter than in a corresponding interior of a plateau to it. But the extensive plateau of an interior has rather small rain, and is valid in some parts of it, especially in the centre and the West, the downpour is so small, that the country - actually desert.

St

St.-Petersburg (with suburb 1 267 000), capital of Russia, as the majority of the European capitals, the important [127] shopping centre just as a place
The government. Its manufacturing the main things - interested in creation of an ammunition of war are the general and numerous, but. To 1885 St.-Petersburg was not seaport, but that year the channel has been constructed, which resolves now to the courts pulling twenty two foots of water to enter into its docks. Its harbour, however, is closed with ice since November till May. About St.-Petersburg Reval, the main cotton port of Russia. Crude cotton import of averages of Russia approximately 60 000 000$ annually which most part arrives a straight line from the United States. Moscow (988 000), ancient capital of Russia, is also the big industrial city, but its basic importance is received from the fact that is the great centre of domestic trade of Russia. Warsaw (615 000), capital of the Polish Russia, is the great railway centre, and the basic warehouse of a railway traffic between Russia and other part of Europe. Lodz (315 000), also in the Polish Russia, is a great industrial clap the empire centre. Odessa (405 000) is the main seaport of Russia. It has a huge export trade in grain, oil, gland, a linen seed, [128] wood, disappears, a rigging, a canvas, pitch, and beef. At Riga (283 000), the main port of Russia to Baltic, is the big export trade
With England in characteristic Russian make. Kieff (249 000) is the centre of the Russian industry clearing sugar. Astrakhan (113 000), on the Volga delta, is noted for its fishery of a sturgeon, and its export of caviar, making as speak, 1 500 000$ annually. Tula (111 000) is Sheffield Russia. Even in 1828 in Tula was 600 establishments of a tableware, but manufacturing was then mainly internal. It - now a city of factories as it costs on the big coal and iron area. Nijni- (99 000) it is noted for its fair, the Asian establishment which will be soon cancelled undoubtedly by a modern civilisation. Once a year dealers to number 200 000 come to Nijni- from on all extent of Russia, and even from India and China, to exchange their equipment. Value of an exchange sometimes makes 100 000 000$. Orenburg (73 000), in Urals Mountains, is a limiting warehouse of trade of a trailer of the Asian Russia. The archangel (25 000), by the White sea, is the main shopping centre of trade in the north, with export of characteristic northern product. Baku, on Caspian sea, is the main place of a petroleum industry of Russia. All cities and cities above named grew extremely within last twenty years.
[129]
VI. TRADING FEATURES OF INDIA
THE PAST AND THE PRESENT OF INDIA WAS COMPARED

All all over the world Southern Africa are known for its diamond mines and its gold mines

All all over the world Southern Africa are known for its diamond mines and its gold mines. Diamonds are found mainly in Griqualand, to the north from the Orange River, now a part of the Colony of Cape, but they also are found in Orange Free State. Diamond areas are very limited, 'pipes' which as assume, were craters of extinct volcanoes. Basic 'pipes' in Kimberley (28 718), in Griqualand. They make the richest diamond areas in the world. It is considered, that value for more than 350 000 000$ diamonds has been taken out from Kimberley since their first opening there in 1867. The greatest South African diamond nevertheless found, cost 300 000$, but many other big have been found. Annual diamond export makes now approximately 20 000 000$. For 1896 export made 23 200 000$; on 1897 it is little bit less. Manufacture and export are strictly limited, so that the prices, probably, did not depreciate. Then in interest for diamond areas gold mines. They while have been found mainly in the south of [164] African republic, or
'Transvaal' as it usually name, in '', or 'reef', about the known city of Iogannesburga (102 078). As gold at first was revealed in (1871), value for 250 000 000$ has been taken out. Annual development makes now almost 50 000 000$, but it is considered, that before can be settled, value for 2,250,000,000$ gold should be - quantity, it is much more than a full public debt of the United States, national, the state, and municipal. But to the north from , in , especially in Mashonaland, the territory usually named 'Earth Ophir,' where extracting operations are just begun, but where gold as it is supposed, it is even more richly kept than in . From this area recently constructed city of Salisbury - the centre. Other mineral products of Southern Africa - coal in , extracted in Newcastle, and copper in the northwest of the Colony of the Cape sent in Port Nolloth.
FOREIGN TRADE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

To interest of dealers or bankers deal [36] in foreign accounts to buy them where they are the

To interest of dealers or bankers deal [36] in foreign accounts to buy them where they are the cheapest and to sell it where they are the most expensive.
For this reason it could advantage to the New York dealer is frequent to be to buy the account on London, to pay a debt in Paris.
The bill (banker).

Banks are absolutely necessary for success of the modern commercial enterprises

Banks are absolutely necessary for success of the modern commercial enterprises. They provide a place for safety of money and securities, and they do the payment of invoices much more convenient than if the currency instead of checks was more substantially is used. But the big advantage of banking establishment to the businessman - possibility which it gives it money, maintenance of cash for continuation of its business while its own capital is locked in the goods or in hands of its debtors. Other important advantage should be found in the services given by banks of a collection of checks, notes, and projects.
VI. BANK ACCOUNTS

The holding of the Great Britain, however, on the divided continent includes the best parts

The holding of the Great Britain, however, on the divided continent includes the best parts. The most part of Africa is unfit for human habitation the white. Everywhere, where, however, the white can live - except in northern Africa there, the control was possible to receive the Great Britain. Excepting coast of the Mediterranean, the most part of Africa which consider from points of representation of colonisation and trade, that is known now as 'the British Southern Africa.' It is huge area - area almost 1 000 000 square miles. It the whole southern part of the continent known as the Colony of Cape, and (2), that includes (1), that a part of the big central plateau of continent which is stretched from the Cape Colony to the north to Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika - all but two republics, Orange Free State and the South African republic. The British East Africa (800 000 square miles) includes territory of Uganda, to the north from Lake Victoria, territory which from character of its population on a birth and its possibilities of trade named 'pearls of Africa.' The British Western Africa (500 000 squares [161] miles) includes pool of lower Niger, most densely occupied area in all Africa, a place of the big empire of a Fula-house of Sokoto-Gandu,
The richest and greatest country-participant of foreign trade on continent. Besides, in the northeast, the Great Britain carries out 'the protectorate control' over the control of Egypt-a which, possibly, will promote correction for Egypt, and thus for a civilisation and trade under the British power, ancient property of all Egypt along Nile so far at least as Uganda. The full area of the British property in Africa, exclusive of two republics and Egypt, makes more than 2 300 000 square miles.
'DOMINION OF SOUTHERN AFRICA'

The holding of the Great Britain, however, on the divided continent includes the best parts

The holding of the Great Britain, however, on the divided continent includes the best parts. The most part of Africa is unfit for human habitation the white. Everywhere, where, however, the white can live - except in northern Africa there, the control was possible to receive the Great Britain. Excepting coast of the Mediterranean, the most part of Africa which consider from points of representation of colonisation and trade, that is known now as 'the British Southern Africa.' It is huge area - area almost 1 000 000 square miles. It the whole southern part of the continent known as the Colony of Cape, and (2), that includes (1), that a part of the big central plateau of continent which is stretched from the Cape Colony to the north to Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika - all but two republics, Orange Free State and the South African republic. The British East Africa (800 000 square miles) includes territory of Uganda, to the north from Lake Victoria, territory which from character of its population on a birth and its possibilities of trade named 'pearls of Africa.' The British Western Africa (500 000 squares [161] miles) includes pool of lower Niger, most densely occupied area in all Africa, a place of the big empire of a Fula-house of Sokoto-Gandu,
The richest and greatest country-participant of foreign trade on continent. Besides, in the northeast, the Great Britain carries out 'the protectorate control' over the control of Egypt-a which, possibly, will promote correction for Egypt, and thus for a civilisation and trade under the British power, ancient property of all Egypt along Nile so far at least as Uganda. The full area of the British property in Africa, exclusive of two republics and Egypt, makes more than 2 300 000 square miles.
'DOMINION OF SOUTHERN AFRICA'

One aspect of our foreign trade so well is not understood, how it should be

One aspect of our foreign trade so well is not understood, how it should be. Our foreign trade is continued substantially in foreign courts. The reason - that to any vessel do not allow to be registered as an accessory to the owner of the United States, if it is not constructed in the United States, and consequently it seems, as though our ship builders could not compete (in the price) in a building of a steel and iron courts to that of the Great Britain and Germany. Before, when wooden vessels were used, our foreign trade has been continued in our own courts, and ours 'clipper', crossing under a court sail, has broken the world. In 1859 seventy percent. In value of our foreign trade rushed in the American courts. Since then the proportion has decreased steadily, to in 1896-97 it there were only eleven percent., and for 1897-98 it were even less than it. Within these five years 1881-85 it averaged only twenty percent. Considering the tonnage only the proportion changes now from twenty five to thirty percent., showing, that the American vessels are used to bear cheaper kinds of the goods. The cumulative burden of the tonnage of the courts belonging to the United States, was registered as involved in foreign trade which 1896 was for 792 870 tons. Within the same year aggre [209] collars
The burden of the tonnage of the courts belonging to the Great Britain, occupied in foreign trade, was much more than ten times that quantity. From our export trade to Europe vessels of the United States bear only five and one half of percent., and our export trade to Africa only four and one half of percent. But our export trade to Asia and Ocenia our own vessels bear twenty six and one half of percent., while from our export trade to other countries on the American continent our own vessels bear almost forty percent. But as our Atlantic trade makes seventy six percent. From whole and as our trade in other place than on Atlantic is more than one third which is born by sailing vessels, it is obvious, as substantially to our transport business of ocean of a steamship have allowed to fall in hands of foreigners. The seven tenth parts of our full export trade, and almost two thirds of our full foreign trade, both export and import, bear in the British courts. Following greatest couriers of our foreign trade - first, Germans, then it is direct, then Norwegians then Dutches then Frenchmen then Belgians.
[210]
EXAMINATION WORKS

The great commercial nations of the world all try to receive now actions of trade of this extensive

The great commercial nations of the world all try to receive now actions of trade of this extensive and densely populated country. For not only China (Appropriate) big and densely populated, but also it also is rich, as its inhabitants and are hardworking and modest, and, besides, in comparison with people of the European countries they have been very saved fatal consequences of war destroying trade, both foreign and interstine. Several centuries ago Chineses have made the big progresses to a civilisation. Their skill in industrial arts, and in agriculture and gardening, the whole eternity surpassed skill of the Western nations. But, unfortunately for their advancement, they are conservative, arrogant, and to improvement, especially if they study improvement of others. As [141] nevertheless they almost have completely ignored ideas and methods of a modern Western civilisation. They have hardly any railways, but
It is a little the steamships, almost any enterprises of the steam power, and any phones. Unique modern improvement which they very much used, is telegraph. Several years ago (in 1876) the European company has provided the privilege of construction of the short railway from Shanghai, but it has been hardly constructed before the government became afraid of its influence both bought up it and has stopped its management. But the Chinese people not to foreign trade; on the contrary, they love it enough. If only the thing could happen in China which has happened in Japan that is if only the government could fall in hands of governors which were unbiassed to improvement and felt propensity to be progressive - an impulse, which China will make to a civilisation and acceptance of modern trading methods, and modern processes of manufacturing would be shaking.
PORCELAIN FOREIGN TRADE

Rules and instructions of savings banks differ substantially

Rules and instructions of savings banks differ substantially. In some deposits of establishments of a ten-kopeck coin for are once accepted; in others dollar - a limit. Deposits usually start to pull interest in the first day of each quarter, but they have the right to it, only if they remain till the end of a semestre. Thus the money deposited on 1st of January, is called on interest of six months on 1st of July though it is not called on any interest if is taken away in June. Some banks allow interest to begin on 1st of each month. The majority of savings banks does not allow to be to money taken away except for the notice of thirty days. Students of this course who are interested in maintenance of the certain information concerning this subject concerning any specific bank, should address to that bank of some its rules and instructions for the information of investors.
THE COMPANIES

In the United States the power to be corporation is the privilege which can exist only through a

In the United States the power to be corporation is the privilege which can exist only through a legislature. [226] there are two excellent methods in which
Corporations can be created: First, the certain grant of the privilege to participants, and, secondly, the general grant which comes into force in favour of specific people when they will organise for the purpose of the help its conditions. When the certain grant is made, it name charter-party. In case of private corporations charter-party should be accepted participants as corporate powers cannot be caused on them against their desire; but charter-party is accepted enough by their action under it. When special charter-parties do not give, people can voluntary communicate, and satisfying a condition of the certain state rights can take to itself corporate powers. Of States private corporations are not transferred to some to be created differently than according to the general laws, and in others the state corporations are created in the same way.
FOOTNOTE:

Exchequer Stock

Exchequer Stock. It often occurs, which the new company finds necessary to postpone certain number of actions, which will be sold from time to time to provide a working capital. Such stock is spent in exchequer while it is not necessary, and is named by an exchequer stock.

When the note is presented for payment to a maturity and not paid, to it usually object; that is,

When the note is presented for payment to a maturity and not paid, to it usually object; that is, the public of the notary does the formal statement, that the note has been presented for payment, and to payment have given up. The notice on such protest send to the manufacturer of the note and to everyone indorser.

But, fertile as soil of India, and benevolent to an agricultural production as its climate in

But, fertile as soil of India, and benevolent to an agricultural production as its climate in general, its climate is not always favorable. It periodically suffers from surplus of a drought. As consequence to artificial it is necessary to address, or the most part of this fertile country often was desert. In one only the British India of irrigation canals of 28 000 miles are under the government control, 14 000 from which have been constructed by existing (British) governmental works of extensive measurements and the highest technical skill. As a whole 28 000 000 acres in the British India depend for their necessary delivery of humidity to the general , and 8 000 000 on irrigation canals. There was it not for these irrigation canals, 2 000 000 acres in Scinde (northwest India) will be infinite desert as Scinde it is almost perfect . On the other hand, in the most part of India the downpour is excessive. Some areas really are the most damp on globe. In Assam, for example (which is also one of the hottest places in India), the downpour makes 600 inches annually, and it was 650. As consequence of the river in India often leave the coast. Therefore, to protect the country on lower river limits from flooding the British government has constructed more than 1500 miles of quays.
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MINERALS OF INDIA

Trade in import of Southern Africa while consists almost of all necessary inhabitants except meat,

Trade in import of Southern Africa while consists almost of all necessary inhabitants except meat, a flour, vegetables, and fruit as is not present for the present almost any . The basic export: (1) gold, 60 000 000$ in a year, including it from ; (2) diamonds, 22 500 000$; (3) wool, 12 500 000$; (4) mohairs, hair of the Angora goat, 3 000 000$; (5) ostrich feathers, more than 2 500 000$; (6) disappears also skin, 2 200 000$; and (7) copper ore, 1 250 000$. Export of wine and fruit for which manufacture to the country so well satisfy, and also grains, is insignificant.
SHIPMENT OF PORTS AND RAILWAYS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

The first form shows the project made the coal company on shipping company to pay for coal,

The first form shows the project made the coal company on shipping company to pay for coal, delivered to a specific steamship. Assume, that the shipping company has a contract with Robert Hare Powel and Co. Philadelphia to deliver coal to their steamships. A steamship Cardiff when in port in Philadelphia, it is delivered; the account is certified to the engineer; the owner (captain) of a vessel signs project Powel and Co. (And in performance of it really does it by the project of the captain); the account is in writing confirmed reception. Now Powel and Co. Sells this exchange (project) for London to the broker or the banker doing foreign business. It is sent London and presented in due time at office of the Company of Navigation of the Wales for payment.

Commercial agencies have arisen in the system accepted by several visible firms of continuation of

Commercial agencies have arisen in the system accepted by several visible firms of continuation of the report all information, accessible concerning their clients. In 1841 'the Commercial Agency of New York' has begun the history, and was the predecessor of existing great agencies, whose record books of credits and estimations include names of all business buildings and corporations in this country and Canada. The establishment of the pioneer of this character in the United States was that having now the name 'R. Dun and Co.,' a product 'Commercial Agency of New York.' About 1860 it has transferred a name of Dun which was before the partner since Douglass when the agency was known as 'B. Douglass and Co.' Other popular and influential anxiety is one know as 'Company Bradstreet,' close speaking about as 'Bradstreet"s'. Besides these two leaders there are many other things which messages concerning credits are limited by specific lines of trade. The big agencies soon have found necessary to establish branches in all business sections of the country. The specific area of research is allocated to each branch, and information interchange is in constant advancement.

Other area of full value of commercial agency is in подвергании disappearing debtor and

Preparation of roguish refusal can aspire to open many new accounts
Other area of full value of commercial agency is in disappearing debtor and it where [262] abouts, and also the dishonest dealer who in
Preparation of roguish refusal can aspire to open many new accounts. Unusual requirements of messages, respecting the such lead to cautious research. Instead of the restrictive tendency the commercial agency advances credit expansion and still supposes appropriate conservatism. It opens to the dealer as the market for its goods each new and reliable account. It bridles the assumption, stimulates diligence in business, accustoms accuracy, and develops character. When we remember that existing annual domestic trade of our country is estimated approximately in 800 000 000 tons of the goods, bore average distance of 120 miles, and that this volume of trade costs more than 10 000 000 000$, we are compelled to recognise, that the unique system of these credit-information bureaus has made much to further and does possible this commercial prosperity.
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IX. BONDS
THE UNITED STATES, THE STATE, AND MUNICIPAL BONDS

In an estimation of value of the paper offered for the discount it is necessary to consider

Full own capital of the borrower
In an estimation of value of the paper offered for the discount it is necessary to consider following points:
Full own capital of the borrower.
Character of its business; whether it is speculative or the basic.
The report of the borrower both standing in community and its business habits.
Whether it is in the enterprise abreast with modern ideas and methods.
Character of the goods belongs to the borrower. What would it sell by auction? The groceries and raw materials can usually turn to cash at compulsory sale with very small discount from the current prices. Not so with hardware, a glass, dry goods, boots and boots, books, etc. Cars and fastenings not a suitable active to the account to base the credit.

The first form shows the project made the coal company on shipping company to pay for coal,

The first form shows the project made the coal company on shipping company to pay for coal, delivered to a specific steamship. Assume, that the shipping company has a contract with Robert Hare Powel and Co. Philadelphia to deliver coal to their steamships. A steamship Cardiff when in port in Philadelphia, it is delivered; the account is certified to the engineer; the owner (captain) of a vessel signs project Powel and Co. (And in performance of it really does it by the project of the captain); the account is in writing confirmed reception. Now Powel and Co. Sells this exchange (project) for London to the broker or the banker doing foreign business. It is sent London and presented in due time at office of the Company of Navigation of the Wales for payment.

The illustration on page 8 shows the check carefully and correctly delayed

The illustration on page 8 shows the check carefully and correctly delayed. The signature should be in your usual style familiar to the paying cashier. Sign the name the same way all time. Have the characteristic signature, so familiar to your friends as your person.