If you wish to stop payment of the check which you have let out, you should notify bank at once,

If you wish to stop payment of the check which you have let out, you should notify bank at once, giving the full information.

Paris (2 536 834), of course, the main shopping centre of all France, but trading interests of

Paris (2 536 834), of course, the main shopping centre of all France, but trading interests of Paris is the general, instead of especial. Manufacturing which are most of all localised in Paris, gloves, the freakish equipment, novelties, both luxurious boots and boots are that of articles of luxury, such as jewelry, perfumery. Paris - also the great financial centre. Marseilles (442 000), one of the oldest cities in Europe, is great seaport of France. Its trade makes more than 350 000 000$ annually, and it takes a place then after Hamburg among great seaports of the central Europe. Its speciality - the big trade with the Mediterranean and the East. Opening of Suez canal had uncountable advantage to Marseilles. Then [101] as port shipment arrives Havre (119 000), in a mouth
From , with full trade not far except for that from Marseilles. Havre - actually port or 'shelter' of Paris. It is the big warehouse for the French import from the North America and the South America. They include mainly a clap, tobacco, wheat, an animal make, and a wool. Its import of the South American wool is huge, as three quarters of the wool used in France now, arrive from area of La Plata. Recently Hay it has been deepened, and now both Rouen and Paris it is possible to consider as seaports. It means, that Paris has direct water communications with London, and is, really, third seaport in the country. Then there arrives Bordeaux (257 000), the main place of export for French wines and . Approximately twenty years ago the wine industry of France has transferred huge loss from destructive actions of a grape plant louse of an insect. More than 4 000 000 acres of a vineyard, being of value 1 000 000 000$, have been in full or in part destroyed by this awful wrecker. The plague, however, was eradicated now, but almost 2 000 000 acres of vineyards have been for a long time destroyed and have been devoted a potato and a root of a sugar beet. The result consists that wine manufacture in France - is less now than, that is necessary for house consumption, and more than fifty percent. More fault is imported, than exported. Remaining great navigable ports - Dunkirk (40 000) and Boulogne (37 500). Calais (57 000) have a big passenger trade with England.
[102]
III. TRADING FEATURES OF GERMANY
GERMANY THE MOST SUCCEEDING NATION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE

The banker should note accounts for payment the borrower

The banker should note accounts for payment the borrower. Why it gave notes? They are met quickly? Many buildings prefer to sell their own paper in the open market, and to hold their banks opened for arrangements when they are incapable to provide the external credit. Insurance which bear, it is necessary to consider; also volume of the made business. The big business on the moderate capital, with long credits, naturally will have big debts while the small-scale business with the liberal capital and short credits should have small debts.

Though terms закладов to corporation are similar to those on real estate what is presented

Though terms to corporation are similar to those on real estate what is presented by apartment houses, commercial conditions do its inconvenient or impossible to exclude and sell such properties. To stop all business of the railway or to close work of the company of a manufacturing industry not only would lead to a public wound, but will reduce substantially value of acquisition of the property. To overcome this difficulty where the active anxiety is financially confused, the court appoints the receiver who is responsible for appropriate behaviour of business before satisfactory reorganisation, or sale is reached.

Safety, at the best is relative only; there is no absolute safety for a part for twenty dollars

Safety, at the best is relative only; there is no absolute safety for a part for twenty dollars which the person has in the pocket, whether it is in the street, at its office, or its own home. To us remind, that " the riches take to itself wings and that " thieves break and steal. " No savings bank can hold money near at hand or bring them or lend them with absolute safety. All rather. It is feature of money, that each dollar demands supervision; the general supervision is not enough; hence happens so, that safety of monetary establishments depends on ability and honesty of those in the control, instead of on adherence to any rules. Any arch corrected cannot be accepted, which will connect dishonest men, it will give indemnification in the absence of experience and ability of the fair.

The following most important point in our list of export - conditions

The following most important point in our list of export - conditions. But, as 'grains', 'conditions' also - difficult term, including two main divisions, 'meat products' and 'dairy products.' Actually there are three main divisions, 'beef products,' 'products of a hog,' and 'dairy products.' We have in these big products of our country an export trade 165 500 000$ in a year and if we add 'animals,' similar point, at us is 46 500 000$ more, or in total 212 000 000$ in a year. Our export of new beef makes almost 300 000 000 pounds a year. Almost [206] all it goes to the Great Britain. Our export
Tinned beef runs from 40 000 000 to 60 000 000 pounds a year. Approximately three fifth it go to the Great Britain, the rest going mainly to Germany and other parts of Europe and to the British Africa. We have approximately 50 000 000 horned livestock on our farms and ranch, and our manufacture of beef as is estimated, is a large quantity of 5 400 000 000 pounds in a year which is between one third and one quarter of the full quantity made all over the world. Certainly the most part of it is kept for our own house consumption as we eat more meat in the inhabitant than any other people in the world except Englishmen. In addition to our beef we export approximately 400 000 horned livestock annually, it is more than seven eighth which our other major customers who are West Indies and Canada are taken by the Great Britain. The basic export, however, among our 'conditions' is our products of a hog. We export annually these products of 100 000 000 pounds of pork, 850 000 000 pounds of bacon and , and 700 000 000 pounds of fat, with value, are more than 110 000 000$. As with our products of beef, thus with our products of certainly hog the greatest action goes to the Great Britain. The Great Britain, however, does not import substantially some our pork or our fat. And though she buys from us more than four fifth our full export of bacon and , she does not pay for them so as it does for bacon and Ireland, Denmark, and Canada. The reason for this purpose - that as a rule our bacon fed with grain and a ham - too full-a error which could be easily corrected. After the Great Britain our following best clients for our products of a hog - Germany (mainly in fat), the Netherlands, Sweden, and West Indies (last mainly in pork). We keep the farms from 40 000 000 to 50 000 000 hogs, and the limits of manufacture almost to 4 600 000 000 pounds of pork, bacon, , fat, etc., in a year. The big drawn game [207] back to our industry lifting a pig
Awful plague of a pig which so often devastates our herds of a pig. There was this plague, eradicating full preventive measures, our industry of a pig becomes fast very much and more favourable. The third basic point in our export trade in conditions - 'dairy production.' Our export of oil makes now 30 000 000 pounds a year. Our export of cheese, once is much more, - now approximately 50 000 000 pounds a year. As in our products of beef and in our products of a hog so again in our dairy products the Great Britain - our main client. But our export of oil to the Great Britain - only one twelfth its full import of oil, and our export of cheese to the Great Britain - only approximately one eighth its full import of cheese. Our cheese has let go in the English market because of its relative deterioration, and its export - is no more than half or one third of what it was once. The most part of our oil also does not approach for English taste. But also our cheese and our oil improve now on quality. Our great competitor in export trade in cheese - Canada. Export of Canada of cheese to the Great Britain one fifth makes 15 000 000$ annually, while ours only that quantity. Our great competitor in oil - Denmark. Export of Denmark to the Great Britain makes oils 32 000 000$ while we is no more than one fourteenth that sum. Our competitors in the markets of the Great Britain for horned livestock - Canada and Argentina, but their export together, however, is less than one third of ours. Our competitors in the British markets for meat sale - Mainly concerning to colonies and Argentina, but their basic export while - the cooled mutton, which they send to the Great Britain for the sum of many millions dollars annually (one only Argentina 5 000 000$ in a year, one only New Zealand 10 000 000$ in a year) while our export of mutton - actually a zero. We really, however, export 1 000 000$ [208] value of sheep year, but in this point we are often far exceeded by Canada. Chicago,
Course, great commercial centre of continent for 'conditions' and 'a live stock,' and New York great navigable port. Of all export trade of the whole country New York does two fifth. Baltimore arrives then with approximately one ninth. Then (that) the arrived Philadelphia, Boston, and New Orleans. The main centres of our big condition and livestock trade, except Chicago, Kansas City, Indianapolis, , and Omaha is Cincinnati.
OUR FOREIGN TRANSPORT BUSINESS

We have learnt in last lesson, that commercial projects are used to facilitate a collection of

We have learnt in last lesson, that commercial projects are used to facilitate a collection of accounts. [32] they - simply formal requirements of payment
From lawful debts. When these formal requirements are made on foreign debtors, them name bills; and process of purchase and sale of these projects, projects directly, and fluctuations in the price, all are included in the general exchange of the name.
Foreign currency.

Original receipts, declaring marks and quantities of the goods, go with each job lot of the goods

Original receipts, declaring marks and quantities of the goods, go with each job lot of the goods to cargo canopies or courts, and it they sum up in a formal waybill, on which when all cases or the sheaves belonging to specific shipment, have put. The double receipt, or a part usually marked the account, other end, usually marked original, [60] is kept by the freight receiver, and, given
The carrier. In creation of usual shipments it not usually or is necessary to disassemble a formal waybill. Certainly, when no waybill is disassembled, the receipt should be kept the consignor. The full contract is usually printed on the receipt, but it needs to be remembered, that the receipt not the contractual tool and cannot be used as safety for money.
The navigable (original) receipt.

Notes which are made in settlement of original business transactions, arrive under a head of the

Notes which are made in settlement of original business transactions, arrive under a head of the regular, lawful official paper. The arrangement note - what is signed, or is confirmed, is simple as the arrangement, instead of in settlement of the account or in debts payment. With banks the arrangement paper has on advantage a difficult reputation. However, there are all grades and shades of a paper of the arrangement though it does not represent the actual business transaction between the parties to it, and has not a rest on any other fund than that of the mutual agreement. No contract is good without consideration, but it only is true between the original parties for the note. The third party either the innocent receiver or the holder of the note have the good name, and can return its value, even thus, that it has been originally given without valuable consideration. The innocent holder of the note which has been originally lost or stolen, has a good name on it if it has received it for value.
The special form for the promissory note.

Japan, being a volcanic origin, the most part of its soil is unsuitable to

Japan, being a volcanic origin, the most part of its soil is unsuitable to . The full productive area makes less than thirty percent., and even it only the small part is capable were tilled modern methods. In existing only twelve percent. From the whole surface of the country it is devoted agriculture, even including pasturing. There is, however, but small pasturing, and a basic tool - a shovel. The modern plough is unknown. But fertilizer (mainly internal fertilizer and dust of fish) is very magnanimously used, and it means, that it is a lot of returning. The basic crop of food - fig. Other grain crops of food - wheat, barley, and a soya bean, but they not in a considerable quantity so. The grown up products of the head with a view of trade - a tree of a mulberry tree (to support the silkworm), tea factory, a varnish tree, and a camphor tree. Rice also is grown up for export just as for house consumption, and the clap very much is substantially grown up for the domestic industry. No milk, oil, or cheese are made, hardly any meat, any wood, and hardly any skin. (For boots and boots [151] the paper is used instead of a skin). From horned livestock is only 1 000 000, in comparison with 10 000 000 in British isles,
Though the population of Japan - is considerable . From horses is 1 500 000, and lifting of horses is very encouraged by the government, but mainly in the military purposes. Horses, really, are too a little employed. In cities, with a view of the car and transportation by motor transport, men are used instead of horses. Even in rural areas of a horse are unknown for agriculture of the purposes, and not, even the manual cart or a wheelbarrow are used. All bear. Fruit is very lifted, - oranges, apples, walnuts, plums, peaches, and , - but the Japanese fruit has very much the lowest quality. Flowers are lifted everywhere in the big variety and in the big abundance, and the chrysanthemum - an emblem of the country and is used on stamps.
MANUFACTURING OF JAPAN: THEIR FUTURE POSSIBILITIES

The most distinctive natural product of Italy - silk, and quantity of the crude and thrown exported

The most distinctive natural product of Italy - silk, and quantity of the crude and thrown exported silk makes approximately 57 500 000$ annually. The silk culture is continued on all extent of kingdom though the industry prospers most extensively in mountain and Lombardy Bottom, in the north. More than 550 000 persons are occupied in cultivation of silkworms, and the annual crop of a cocoon approaches 100 000 000 pounds. Silk - 'throw', or spinning, is the basic manufacturing industry, and the quantity of silk spun and exported, approximately 45 000 tons which most part goes to France. After silk products of the country which make the basic export, are an olive oil, fruit (oranges, lemons, , , fig., dates, and pistachio nuts), and wine (in flanks). Export of an olive oil and export of fruit - everyone approximately the one fifth export of silk, and wine export approximately one sixth. Other important and characteristic export - crude hashish and flax, sulphur, eggs, has made a coral, woods and the roots used for colouring and , rice, marble, and straw. The basic import - wheat, for agricul [117], ture though in general is pursued, is still in the return state of efficiency, and a grain average crop - only one third, that it is in the Great Britain. One
The eighth total sum of wheat should support people, should be imported. Actually, the total sum of the foodstuffs lifted in kingdom, is much less than the demanded quantity to be, for example, in the inhabitant, it is no more than one half of that is lifted in France. In particular there is a deficiency of meat, and quantity of the meat lifted in the inhabitant, is the lowest in Europe. As consequence Italians badly eat, and it is estimated it of four percent. From annual death loss is caused by an impoverishment of blood because of a wholesome food lack. After wheat and a crude clap, the following basic import - coal as Italy does not have any realizable coal fields. In the greatest possible degree hydraulic power is used as the driving power instead of coal, especially in iron industries. [118] important import also - fish as, owing to the big number of the fast days, which Italian people mark, and to tenderness and deficiency
From meat fish - very much general article of consumption. Value for six millions dollars is annually imported, and probably equal quantity is received from local fishery as is more than 22 000 courts and boats and more than 70 000 men occupied in this industry. After a silk throw the most characteristic Italian manufacturing industry - what have the artistic or semiartistic nature, such as creation from fine ceramics, porcelain, glasswares, mosaics, and a lace. Venice (154 000) and Genoa (225 000) is still the basic seaports and shopping centres of Italy, but in trading value these known cities - only simple shades of what they were once. Naples (529 000), the greatest city, is a place of the small enterprise, for its import, mainly grain cereals three or four times value its export which is mainly the cheap country, make. Milan (457 000) and Turin (348 000) is great shopping centres of northern interior, and the most succeeding places in kingdom, being the main places of the industry throwing silk. Milan - also the main place of the Italian manufacturing of a tableware. Palermo (284 000) and Messina (150 000), in [119] Sicily, is the main ports for export of the Italian fruit, and also the Italian fish
(Anchovies, tunas, etc.). Rome (474 000) and Florence (207 000) owes their main importance to their art interest and their historical associations, but Florence has an important manufacturing of fine ceramics and mosaics. Rome - the main place of the government. Drivings (127 000), in Sicily, is the main place of the Italian chartreuse export trade. Livorno (104 000), port of Florence, is the main place of export trade braiding straw. It is necessary to notice, that despite degree of Italy of a coastal line the most part of its foreign trade is spent to the north by means of railways that tunnel the Alpes.
Italy and its main commercial centres.
[120]
V. TRADING FEATURES OF RUSSIA
RUSSIA, THE COUNTRY, WHICH FUTURE - THE PROBLEM

Essential thing about Japan - speed from which it became transformed from the semicivilized nation

Essential thing about Japan - speed from which it became transformed from the semicivilized nation in one of the great nations of the modern world. About one year 1868 Japan was the improgressive, unaware country of usual Asian type, hardly differing in any case from internal area of China today. That year revolution took place, which place the whole power of empire in hands of an existing Mikado, or the Emperor. Immediately Japan has started to assimilate the Western ideas of a civilisation and to accept the Western methods of trade, trade, manufacturing, the government, and formation. To 1889 government remains an absolute monarchy. That year the Mikado voluntary proclaimed the constitution according to which have been appointed legislative Parliament, or 'the Imperial Diet,' and an executive Office of the state ministers so that the government of Japan was now so 'constitutional' as that from Germany or the Great Britain. The government is others completely in the modern ways. As formation, for example, almost also care in Germany or New England. There are 220 established kindergartens, 97 technical schools, and 49 pedagogical schools for training of teachers (one being for training of teachers of high school), besides elementary schools, high schools, the high schools, special schools (1263 them), and universities. University Tokio - the imperial establishment supported completely by the government, with colleges in the law, a science, medicine, the literature, working out, and agriculture. Formation, between age six and fourteen, necessarily. Army, also, completely [150] modern business. It consists of 285 000 men, and
The idea of its present can be collected from the fact, that the important part of its organisation - the educational schools and colleges. Even sergeants are especially trained and formed. As a whole students at military schools and colleges of Japan, number 2400. The fleet, also, as is known, also is modern and effective. It consists of 5 linear ships and 15 first class cruisers, besides other 46 courts, - torpedo crafts, boats, escort courts, etc., - and it is intended to construct huge fleet of 19 linear ships and cruisers, and 100 crafts of a torpedo besides.
AGRICULTURE OF JAPAN

From Southern Africa as above a certain Colony of Cape and Натальный now the most

From Southern Africa as above a certain Colony of Cape and now the most important parts. Their climate is in certain respects the finest in the world. Their soil has remarkable riches. The number of excellent versions of the local factories found on it, is more than for any other equal area on globe. The same remark was true once for the animals found in Southern Africa which again is the proof to the big abundance of soil. But a serious lack - a lack and uncertainty in rain delivery. , however, it is carried out, and everywhere where it is possible, the earth can be made to blossom as increase. The agriculture, however, only is indifferent is pursued. The grapevine in the Cape Colony makes more much, very much more it is a lot of than somewhere else in the world, and still neither grapes lifting, nor wine creation as cannot speak, are successful. Pasturing - the basic employment of people in rural areas. There are 17 000 000 sheep in Cape Colonies, and 6 000 000 goats. , at what 500 000 sheep more , is. Other basic employment - agriculture of an ostrich. The ostrich, once wild in Southern Africa, is dissolved now in the country. The Cape Colony has 230 000 ostriches. [163] ostrich feathers
Effort from 150$ to 300$ for pound. Horned livestock lifting - other basic employment, and sketch horned livestock is very much used in the transport purposes. The Cape Colony has 2 000 000 horned livestock; , 1 000 000. The basic grain crops of food - wheat and corn, but it is a little lifted for export. In , sugar the important product, and also tea. Many magnificent woods of wood are found, but trees are sickly, and a few wood is exported. Very much has been spent for nothing by fires. The big agricultural possibilities of Southern Africa - a wool, a mohair (hair of the Angora goat), fruit, wine, and skin. Grains of Southern Africa possibly all will be necessary for house consumption.
THE BIG MINERAL RICHES OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

All world - area of the modern dealer

All world - area of the modern dealer. He buys the crude and made products everywhere where he can buy the cheapest, and he sends to any market, pays to it the highest price. Our angular grocer or a product-dealer can supply us with beef from Texas, a potato from Egypt, a celery from Michigan, onions from Jamaica, coffee from Java, oranges from Spain, and hundred other things from so many various points; and still, so finish, blocking of commercial interests in the world, and so big speed of transportation, that it can supply us with these accessories under existing conditions easier and with readiness than if they all have been grown up on an adjacent farm.
III. BANKER"S CHECKS

[6] Part of export of the grains made to Hongkong, undoubtedly is intended for consumption in China

[6] Part of export of the grains made to Hongkong, undoubtedly is intended for consumption in China and Japan.
[205]
OUR EXPORT OF CONDITIONS AND ANIMALS
Basic articles of internal export of the United States. [7]
FOOTNOTE:

The joint-stock companies are usually mentioned as corporation, though all corporations not the

The joint-stock companies are usually mentioned as corporation, though all corporations not the joint-stock companies. The corporation - a body consisting usually from several persons, representatives according to the law to operate as one person. There are two basic classes - (1) state corporations and (2) private corporations. The state corporations not the joint-stock companies; private corporations usually. The state corporations are created for public interest, such as cities, cities, universities, hospitals, etc.; private corporations, such as railways, banks, firms-manufacturers, etc., are usually created for profit in participants. The corporate bodies, which participants at discretion fill all vacancies occurring in their membership on record, sometimes name the closed joint-stock companies.
THE POWER TO BE CORPORATION IS THE PRIVILEGE

Dealers sell very many of their notes in the open market that is, to note brokers

Dealers sell very many of their notes in the open market that is, to note brokers. Banks buy these notes from brokers of the note. The help of the broker which addresses with the bill, is the necessary and valuable help to purchasing bank. Completely three quarters of all paper bought by banks in the big cities, are bought under the simple recommendation of brokers of the note. As a rule these brokers simply transfer a paper, not guaranteeing its payment. The notes bought by banks from brokers of the note without them as it is considered, as, they guarantee, will be as it should be in all points except that which covers a question of, whether will pay it or not. The bank uses the best judgement in risking. If the dealer of the note on sale of notes to bank does to what he trusts to be fair and fair representations concerning any specific paper statements of such direct type, that on them no charge of false excuses can be made to have a rest - it simply guarantees the note, original concerning names, date, quantity, etc., and that on sale of it it transfers the good name to a paper. As business men, however, they are very cautious and extremely worry, that a paper which they sell, should be paid, and as a rule they do good any losses which grow from obvious distortions on their part.
NORMS OF BANKERS FOR LOANS

Commercial energy of Germany till now have been mainly concentrated on its domestic trade

Commercial energy of Germany till now have been mainly concentrated on its domestic trade. A total sum of this trade foots to 7,000,000,000$, against 6 000 000 000$ France, and in fifty years which it has [107] trebled while that from France has hardly doubled. At Germany is more miles
The railway than any other country in the world except the United States, its distance which is almost 30 000, against 25 000 France and 21 000 Great Britain. Its natural and artificial waterways also it is better in Europe, and its extensive manufacture of mineral riches is transported from a deposit to a foundry and factory, and its extensive manufacture of wood and grain is transported from wood and area in seaport, substantially by means of the water car. Rhine, Elba, Oder, and Vistula all are navigable everywhere at their whole courses through German territory while Weser and Danube also are navigable everywhere on the most parts of their courses. All these navigable rivers are connected by channels. The full length of possible river navigation makes almost 6000 miles while the full length of channels and made the water drain of the rivers, 2700 miles. Besides, in 1895 Kaiser Wilhelm the Channel, not locked seaworthy channel of the vessel, twenty nine foots of six inches by depth and sixty one mile in length there have been finished, connecting the North Sea and Baltic, and is constructed at cost almost 40 000 000$. This channel makes economy almost a single whole of day for commercial steamships, and three days for all sailing vessels occupied in the Baltic trade and trade of the North Sea.
FOREIGN TRADE OF GERMANY

Checks have arrived rather in general to be used for the payment of invoices even on long

Checks have arrived rather in general to be used for the payment of invoices even on long distances. If the businessman wishes to close the important contract demanding of cash in advance, it sends the bank account, if on distance, or the certified check, if in the same city. If he wishes to pay simply a debt, it sends the own personal check. Bank accounts rather in general are used by dealers in the West to pay accounts in the east. The project on New York [17] bought in San Francisco
Cash when it reaches New York while the check of San Francisco not cash while it does not come back and to money bank on which it is delayed. In a usual course of business checks are considered as cash irrespective of on what involved bank. The bank receiving them on the deposit, gives the credit of the investor at once, even thus, that it can take for a week before the value presented by the check, is in possession of bank.
The bank account.

Japan consists of group of the islands located on the east of continent of Asia, a little as

Japan consists of group of the islands located on the east of continent of Asia, a little as British isles are located on the West of continent of Europe. But islands of Japan have a volcanic origin and are very numerous. There, as speak, 4223 from them. However, there are only four which have the important size, and it - they of which usually think when about Japan speak. The area of these four islands makes 147 655 miles which is almost one quarter more than that from the Great Britain and Ireland. The population (census 1895) 42 270 620 which is 4 000 000 more than that from the Great Britain and Ireland. The population in square mile 286, which though big, is not absolutely so big as that from the Great Britain. If, however, we do not consider northern island (Yezo) which is still partially occupied by not civilised natives, the population in square mile 375 which is considerably moreover from China and the Great Britain and Ireland though it is still considerable less than that from one only England. Aforementioned statistical data do not include island of Formosa (area of 13 500 miles, the population almost 2 000 000) which has been transferred from [149] China to Japan in 1895, in end of last Paper -
The Japanese war.
REMARKABLE TRANSFORMATION OF JAPAN

If the businessman who has been accustomed to observe projects, continues to dishonour them during

If the businessman who has been accustomed to observe projects, continues to dishonour them during the period, banks through which pass of projects naturally conclude, that it is incapable to cover its debts.

The check - the order concerning the money, the delayed themes who has funds in bank

The check - the order concerning the money, the delayed themes who has funds in bank. It is subject to payment on demand. Actually, it is the kind project ashore. Banks give checks without a sum designation to their clients, and it is very simple question to fill them properly. In writing in quantity begin in extremely left of a line.

All all over the world Southern Africa are known for its diamond mines and its gold mines

All all over the world Southern Africa are known for its diamond mines and its gold mines. Diamonds are found mainly in Griqualand, to the north from the Orange River, now a part of the Colony of Cape, but they also are found in Orange Free State. Diamond areas are very limited, 'pipes' which as assume, were craters of extinct volcanoes. Basic 'pipes' in Kimberley (28 718), in Griqualand. They make the richest diamond areas in the world. It is considered, that value for more than 350 000 000$ diamonds has been taken out from Kimberley since their first opening there in 1867. The greatest South African diamond nevertheless found, cost 300 000$, but many other big have been found. Annual diamond export makes now approximately 20 000 000$. For 1896 export made 23 200 000$; on 1897 it is little bit less. Manufacture and export are strictly limited, so that the prices, probably, did not depreciate. Then in interest for diamond areas gold mines. They while have been found mainly in the south of [164] African republic, or
'Transvaal' as it usually name, in '', or 'reef', about the known city of Iogannesburga (102 078). As gold at first was revealed in (1871), value for 250 000 000$ has been taken out. Annual development makes now almost 50 000 000$, but it is considered, that before can be settled, value for 2,250,000,000$ gold should be - quantity, it is much more than a full public debt of the United States, national, the state, and municipal. But to the north from , in , especially in Mashonaland, the territory usually named 'Earth Ophir,' where extracting operations are just begun, but where gold as it is supposed, it is even more richly kept than in . From this area recently constructed city of Salisbury - the centre. Other mineral products of Southern Africa - coal in , extracted in Newcastle, and copper in the northwest of the Colony of the Cape sent in Port Nolloth.
FOREIGN TRADE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

It will be noticed, that decades of the fastest railway development were that with 1850 to 1860,

It will be noticed, that decades of the fastest railway development were that with 1850 to 1860, after gold opening in California, and two between 1870 and 1890. We have added 70 000 miles to our railway system between 1880 and 1890-a the report to which no other country was equaled. To 1892 we, apparently, have met more urgent requirements of new lines, and we annually build now less than 2000 miles of new roads. The face-value of the capital which now invest in the American railways, makes 11,000,000,000$. Number of the people employed in railway service, 850 000.
RAILWAY CORPORATION